WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -Two mountain ranges, the Apennines and the Alps, provided protection for the people of Rome. The Apennine Mountains stretch from northern Italy to southern Italy, and the Alps form a natural boundary along the northern border.

Detailed explanation-2: -Roman hegemony During 284–280 BC the Romans fought a war against the Etruscans and Gauls in northern Italy. After first being defeated at the battle of Arretium, Rome won a decisive victory against the Gauls at the battle of Lake Vadimo leading to the Roman annexation of the ager Gallicus.

Detailed explanation-3: -Through military expansion, colonization, and the granting of citizenship to conquered tribesmen, Rome annexed all the territory south of the Po in present-day Italy during a hundred period before 268 B.C.. Latin and Italic tribes were absorbed first, followed by Etruscans and the Greek colonies in south.

Detailed explanation-4: -In 31 BC Rome overtook Egypt which resulted in the death of Mark Antony and left Octavian as the unchallenged ruler of Rome. Octavian assumed the title of Augustus and thus became the first emperor of Rome.