WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -Confucius believed that to restore order, societies had to encourage certain virtues, such as loyalty, trustworthiness, and respecting your elders. He believed people were capable of attaining these and other virtues through education. By learning history, literature, and philosophy, people could gain insights.

Detailed explanation-2: -“The five constant relationships” () refers to the five fundamental relationships in Confucian philosophy: those between ruler and subject, father and son, elder brother and younger brother, husband and wife, and friend and friend.

Detailed explanation-3: -Inherent in Confucianism is the value of filial piety, which demands respect and obligation to aging parents, honoring the family name, and an emphasis on group harmony rather than individual identity.

Detailed explanation-4: -In Confucianism, medical decisions are highly influenced by its values such as familism, filial piety and harmony. In clinical practice, the family plays a pivotal role in health care decisions, in a way that the family informed consent is more important than the personal informed consent (Cong, 2004).

Detailed explanation-5: -Confucius taught that rulers had a sacred responsibility to rule virtuously. This meant ruling with self-discipline, attention to the ancient rituals, and putting the welfare and happiness of his subjects first. Ruling in this fashion, Confucius said, set an example of moral goodness for all others to follow.