WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -Qutubuddin Aibak was the first ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. The Sultanate lasted about 200 years. The last Sultan was Ibrahim Lodi.

Detailed explanation-2: -Ruled by a caliph (Arabic khalīfah, “successor”), who held temporal and sometimes a degree of spiritual authority, the empire of the Caliphate grew rapidly through conquest during its first two centuries to include most of Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Spain.

Detailed explanation-3: -Officially the Ottoman Empire was an Islamic Caliphate ruled by a Sultan, Mehmed V, although it also contained Christians, Jews and other religious minorities. For nearly all of the empire’s 600-year existence these non-Muslim subjects endured systematic discrimination and, at times, outright persecution.