WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -Oljai later lost his hegemony to the Oirat clan. The power of the Oirats reached its height in the mid-15th century when Esen Taiji (reigned 1439–55) launched a campaign against the Ming empire (1449). Esen succeeded in capturing the Ming emperor Zhengtong and took him as a prisoner of war to Mongolia.

Detailed explanation-2: -The Ming government was gradually weakened by factionalism between civil officials, interference by palace eunuchs, the burdens of a growing population, and a succession of weak and inattentive emperors.

Detailed explanation-3: -Zhu Yuanzhang, also known as Emperor Hongwu (ruled 1368–1398), was the founder of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). He was born a peasant, becamea monk, then a rebel leader, and finally became the first emperor of a new dynasty.

Detailed explanation-4: -The Ming Dynasty was not only embattled by the rebel army, but also suffered from constant threats of invasion by the Manchu army. In 1644, Li Zicheng’s troops attacked the Forbidden City. The last Ming emperor hanged himself on a tree, and the Ming Dynasty fell.

Detailed explanation-5: -After the division of the Mongol Empire, the Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven.