WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -It was established by Muʿāwiyah ibn Abī Sufyān, a native of Mecca and a contemporary of the Prophet Muḥammad. The Umayyad dynasty lasted less than a century in Damascus before it was driven out in 750 by the ʿAbbāsid dynasty .

Detailed explanation-2: -After the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 C.E., there was a series of four rulers, known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs: Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, ‘Uthman, and, lastly, Muhammad’s son-in-law, ‘Ali.

Detailed explanation-3: -However, following the assassination of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib-Muhammad’s cousin, son-in-law, and fourth caliph (r. 656–61)-in 661, Mu’awiya, the governor of Syria under the Rightly Guided Caliphs, seized power and established the Umayyad caliphate, the first Islamic dynasty (661–750).

Detailed explanation-4: -Muʿāwiyah I. The son of Abū Sufyān, Muʿāwiyah I, was the first Umayyad caliph. Under his reign the Syrian army helped to create a united empire through greater control of conquered provinces.