WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -Towns and cities were filthy, the streets open sewers; there was no running water and knowledge of hygiene was non-existent. Dung, garbage and animal carcasses were thrown into rivers and ditches, poisoning the water and the neighbouring areas.

Detailed explanation-2: -Technological innovation The most important technical innovation for agriculture in the Middle Ages was the widespread adoption around 1000 of the mouldboard plow and its close relative, the heavy plow. These two plows enabled medieval farmers to exploit the fertile but heavy clay soils of northern Europe.

Detailed explanation-3: -How did medieval cities differ from cities in the ancient world? Medieval cities sprang up as centers of commerce and economic activity, whereas ancient cities emerged to meet religious, social, and political needs. A marketplace, a castle, and churches.

Detailed explanation-4: -Farmers were clearing forests and adopting better farming methods. As a result, they had a surplus of crops to sell in town markets. And because of these surpluses, not everyone had to farm to feed themselves. Another reason for the growth of towns was the revival of trade.