WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -In November 1095, at the Council of Clermont in southern France, the Pope called on Western Christians to take up arms to aid the Byzantines and recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. This marked the beginning of the Crusades.

Detailed explanation-2: -The Crusades. The Holy Land is the city of Jerusalem. It was religious land because Jesus and Muhammad had lived there. This land was sacred to Jews, Christians and Muslims.

Detailed explanation-3: -The movement helped both to militarize the medieval western Church and to sustain criticism of that militarization. It arguably helped solidify the pope’s control over the Church and made certain financial innovations central to Church operations. And it both reflected and influenced devotional trends.

Detailed explanation-4: -The First Crusade began after 1095. Some Christians from France, Germany and Italy, known as the Franks, set out on the long journey to the Holy Land, led by nobles and knights. Up to 30, 000 Crusaders gathered at Constantinople, before taking control of the cities of Edessa and Antioch.

Detailed explanation-5: -Spanning more than two centuries (1096-1300 CE) across the majority of the so-called High Middle Ages, the Crusades were, in essence, military expeditions initiated by the medieval papacy to wrest the Holy Lands from Moslem control.

Detailed explanation-6: -The last Crusade was the Ninth Crusade, which took place from 1271 to 1272 AD. About twenty years later, in 1291, the final Crusader held territory in the Near East fell to Muslim armies.