WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -The Muslim world inherited the astrolabe from Antiquity. It was an essential astronomical calculation device used for observing the stars, navigation and time keeping. In the AH 2nd / AD 8th century, following the Muslim conquest of Spain, it was introduced to Europe.

Detailed explanation-2: -Islamic scientists built on the work of their Greek and Indian counterparts. They used astronomy for navigation, creating a calendar, and for religious practices like finding the direction of Mecca for prayer. They built observatories to study the sky and invented the quadrant and astrolabe.

Detailed explanation-3: -Calligraphy – the art of writing – is a unique feature of Islamic art in that it has been used in astonishingly varied and imaginative ways. The written word appears not just in pen and paper but across all art forms and materials, often giving rise to works of great beauty.

Detailed explanation-4: -Islamic scientists in the 10th century were involved in three major mathematical projects: the completion of arithmetic algorithms, the development of algebra, and the extension of geometry.