WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -In an extensive program of Arabization, Arabic became the official state language; the financial administration of the empire was reorganized, with Arabs replacing Persian and Greek officials; and a new Arabic coinage replaced the former imitations of Byzantine and Sasanian coins.

Detailed explanation-2: -The Umayyads were the first dynasty to take over the institute of Caliphate, transforming it into an inheritable title. They were responsible for bringing centralization and stability to the realm, and they also continued the swift military expansion of the empire.

Detailed explanation-3: -661. Muʿāwiyah emerges victorious over ʿAlī at the end of the civil war and establishes himself as the first Umayyad caliph. The Umayyad dynasty, also spelled Omayyad, is the first great Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the caliphate.

Detailed explanation-4: -The term “caliph” (khalifah in Arabic) is generally regarded to mean “successor of the prophet Muhammad, ‘’ while “caliphate” (khilafah in Arabic) denotes the office of the political leader of the Muslim community (ummah) or state, particularly during the period from 632 to 1258.

Detailed explanation-5: -656–61)-in 661, Mu’awiya, the governor of Syria under the Rightly Guided Caliphs, seized power and established the Umayyad caliphate, the first Islamic dynasty (661–750).