WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -Non-Muslims paid a poll tax for policing to the central state. Muhammad had stated explicitly during his lifetime that each religious minority should be allowed to practice its own religion and govern itself, and the policy had on the whole continued.

Detailed explanation-2: -As the Muslim empire pushed into non-Arab lands in North Africa, Spain, and Persia, huge numbers of non-Arab non-Muslims came under Umayyad control. For the most part, their lives were left undisturbed. However, in Islamic law, non-Muslims in a Muslim state are required to pay a tax known as the jizya, or poll-tax.

Detailed explanation-3: -Non-Arabs were treated as second-class citizens regardless of whether or not they converted to Islam, and this discontent cutting across faiths and ethnicities ultimately led to the Umayyads’ overthrow.

Detailed explanation-4: -İspençe was a land tax levied on non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire. İspençe was a land-tax on non-Muslims in parts of the Ottoman Empire; its counterpart, for Muslim taxpayers, was the resm-i çift-which was set at slightly lower rate.

Detailed explanation-5: -In 1679 Aurangzeb reintroduced the jizya, a poll tax for non-Muslims that had been abolished by Akbar the Great a century earlier.

Detailed explanation-6: -The Umayyad Caliphate ruled over a vast multiethnic and multicultural population. Christians, who still constituted a majority of the caliphate’s population, and Jews were allowed to practice their own religion but had to pay the jizya (poll tax) from which Muslims were exempt.