WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -A map depicting the extent of the Umayyad caliphate in 750 CE, which extended from Spain in the west to northern India in the East and covered northern Africa, southern Europe, Anatolia, and the Arabian Peninsula.

Detailed explanation-2: -Islam’s spread across the continent began in North Africa in Egypt, then continued on to West Africa before moving on to East Africa within a few hundred years. From East Africa, Islam spread to India, Indonesia and other Asian countries.

Detailed explanation-3: -These interactions resulted in further expansion of Islam to the people living in important coastal cities in the Indian Subcontinent, China, or in the more distant South-eastern islands of modern Indonesia or Philippines. It is believed that Islam first arrived in these South-eastern regions by the 7th century.

Detailed explanation-4: -He established a new unified polity in Arabia that expanded rapidly under the Rashidun Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate, culminating in Islamic rule being established across three continents (Asia, Africa, and Europe).

Detailed explanation-5: -The credit goes to Amir Abd al-Rahman, who founded the Emirate of Cordoba, and was able to get the various different Muslim groups who had conquered Spain to pull together in ruling it.

Detailed explanation-6: -Islam had already spread into northern Africa by the mid-seventh century A.D., only a few decades after the prophet Muhammad moved with his followers from Mecca to Medina on the neighboring Arabian Peninsula (622 A.D./1 A.H.).