WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -Religious Divide in the Holy Roman Empire. The Thirty Years’ War was a series of wars between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire between 1618 and 1648.

Detailed explanation-2: -The Peace of Westphalia, concluded in 1648 in Münster (Germany), ended the Thirty Years’ War, which started with an anti-Habsburg revolt in Bohemia in 1618 but became an entanglement of different conflicts concerning the constitution of the Holy Roman Empire, religion, and the state system of Europe.

Detailed explanation-3: -The European wars of religion are also known as the Wars of the Reformation. In 1517, Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses took only two months to spread throughout Europe with the help of the printing press, overwhelming the abilities of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the papacy to contain it.

Detailed explanation-4: -The Thirty Years’ War began in 1618 over religious freedoms but later developed into a political struggle. It involved Austria and Spain, which practiced Catholicism. The Protestant religion comprised Reform, Lutheran, Hussite, and Calvinists of England, the Dutch Republic, Sweden, France, and Denmark.

Detailed explanation-5: -(IPO, art. V, 2; IPM, 47). With regard to individual religious freedom, the treaty provided that Catholics in a Protestant region and Protestants in a Catholic region were allowed to practice their religion at home, to attend religious services, and to bring up their children according to their religion.