WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -Its rise was influenced by currents of nationalism, mercantilism, anticlericalism, and opposition to vested property interests in the hands of the church that had begun in the late fourteenth century.

Detailed explanation-2: -Money-generating practices in the Roman Catholic Church, such as the sale of indulgences. Demands for reform by Martin Luther, John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other scholars in Europe. The invention of the mechanized printing press, which allowed religious ideas and Bible translations to circulate widely.

Detailed explanation-3: -Diocesan priests (those who do not belong to a religious order or congregation) do not make a vow of chastity; they make a promise of celibacy. This is a discipline that the Roman Catholic Church (the Latin Rite) requires of her priests.

Detailed explanation-4: -In England, the Reformation began with Henry VIII’s quest for a male heir. When Pope Clement VII refused to annul Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could remarry, the English king declared in 1534 that he alone should be the final authority in matters relating to the English church.

Detailed explanation-5: -Priests who belong to a religious order (e.g., Dominicans, Benedictine, Franciscans, etc.) take the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. Diocesan priests make two promises-celibacy and obedience; these promises are part of the ordination ceremony.