WORLD HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -In 1932–1933, the policies of forced collectivization of the Ukrainian population of the Soviet Union, which caused a devastating famine that greatly affected the Ukrainian population of the Kuban.

Detailed explanation-2: -The result of Stalin’s policies was the Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33-a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated five million people who died in the Soviet Union, almost four million were Ukrainians.

Detailed explanation-3: -Major contributing factors to the famine include: the forced collectivization of agriculture as a part of the First Five-Year Plan, and forced grain procurement, combined with rapid industrialization and a decreasing agricultural workforce. Sources disagree on the possible role of drought.

Detailed explanation-4: -Over four million people starved to death between the fall of 1932 and the summer of 1933 in Ukraine and the Kuban, an administrative unit of the Russian Republic in the northern Caucasus populated largely by Ukrainians.

Detailed explanation-5: -The Ukrainian famine-known as the Holodomor, a combination of the Ukrainian words for “starvation” and “to inflict death”-by one estimate claimed the lives of 3.9 million people, about 13 percent of the population.

Detailed explanation-6: -Ethnic discrimination, and lack of favoured industries. According to some scholars, collectivization in the Soviet Union and lack of favoured industries were primary contributors to famine mortality (52% of excess deaths), and some evidence shows there was discrimination against ethnic Ukrainians and Germans.