BIOMOLECULES AND ENZYMES

Detailed explanation-1: -Ca2+ triggers synaptic vesicle exocytosis, thereby releasing the neurotransmitters contained in the vesicles and initiating synaptic transmission. This fundamental mechanism was discovered in pioneering work on the neuromuscular junction by Katz and Miledi (1967).

Detailed explanation-2: -Calcium is an essential structural, metabolic and signalling element. The physiological functions of Ca2+ are enabled by its orchestrated transport across cell membranes, mediated by Ca2+-permeable ion channels, Ca2+-ATPases and Ca2+/H+ exchangers.

Detailed explanation-3: -Calcium ions (Ca2+) contribute to the physiology and biochemistry of organisms’ cells. They play an important role in signal transduction pathways, where they act as a second messenger, in neurotransmitter release from neurons, in contraction of all muscle cell types, and in fertilization.

Detailed explanation-4: -Calcium is an essential plant nutrient. As the divalent cation (Ca2+), it is required for structural roles in the cell wall and membranes, as a counter‐cation for inorganic and organic anions in the vacuole, and as an intracellular messenger in the cytosol (Marschner, 1995).