CLINICAL MEDICINE

Detailed explanation-1: -Antimicrobial resistance happens when germs like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them. That means the germs are not killed and continue to grow.

Detailed explanation-2: -Through mutation and selection, bacteria can develop defense mechanisms against antibiotics. For example, some bacteria have developed biochemical “pumps” that can remove an antibiotic before it reaches its target, while others have evolved to produce enzymes to inactivate the antibiotic.

Detailed explanation-3: -In addition to developing novel antibiotics, researchers have been exploring other ways to treat drug-resistant bacteria. One experimental technique is the use of bacteriophages, also called phages. Phages are viruses that infect only bacteria and so are harmless to people.

Detailed explanation-4: -Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms fall into four main categories: (1) limiting uptake of a drug; (2) modifying a drug target; (3) inactivating a drug; (4) active drug efflux.