CLINICAL MEDICINE

Detailed explanation-1: -Pseudobulbar palsy is due to an upper motor lesion caused by bilateral disturbance of the corticobulbar tracts. Pseudobulbar palsy is characterized by dysarthria, dysphagia, facial and tongue weakness, and emotional lability.

Detailed explanation-2: -A bulbar palsy is a lower motor neuron lesion of cranial nerves IX, X and XII. A pseudobulbar palsy is an upper motor neuron lesion of cranial nerves IX, X and XII.

Detailed explanation-3: -An exaggerated jaw jerk, sometimes appearing with clonus (see below), implies bilateral disease above the level of the pons (e.g., pseudobulbar palsy). In patients with spastic tetraparesis, for example, an exaggerated jaw jerk excludes cervical cord disease and points to pyramidal tract disease above the pons.

Detailed explanation-4: -Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is a neurological symptom of inappropriate and uncontrollable laughter or crying that occurs secondary to a variety of neurological conditions, including parkinsonian disorders.