FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER

Detailed explanation-1: -A processing step may have outputs that are greater than the sum of its inputs-e.g., its inputs could not produce the output shown. This situation is sometimes referred to as a grey hole.

Detailed explanation-2: -A “grey hole” is when the outputs of a process are greater than the sum of its inputs. For example, if a customer’s name and address is an input, their bank details cannot be an output, as the process doesn’t have enough information to produce it.

Detailed explanation-3: -A gray hole is a node that selectively drops and forwards data packets after it advertises itself as having the shortest path to the destination node in response to a route request message from a source node. The proposed mechanism does not apply any cryptographic primitives on the routing messages.

Detailed explanation-4: -A second class of DFD mistakes arise when the outputs from one processing step do not match its inputs and they can be classified as: Black holes-A processing step may have input flows but no output flows. Miracles-A processing step may have output flows but no input flows.

Detailed explanation-5: -You can determine if a set of DFDs are balanced or not by observing whether or not a process that appears in a level-n diagram has the same inputs and outputs when decomposed for a lower-level diagram.