GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The Kyoto Protocol was the first major international effort to slow global climate change. Since 1997, 191 countries have backed the agreement, though the United States has not.

Detailed explanation-2: -The US signed the document in 1998, but Congress failed to ratify the agreement, which meant the US never officially signed on to the pact. Despite its shortcomings, the Kyoto Protocol did lay the groundwork for the Paris Agreement, which many find to be more inclusive and potentially more effective.

Detailed explanation-3: -U.S. History with the Protocol The Senate also balked at the agreement because it excluded certain developing countries, including India and China, from having to comply with new emissions standards. Bush administration Similar objections to the Kyoto Protocol were why the Bush administration refused to sign.

Detailed explanation-4: -How many countries ratified and signed the Kyoto Protocol? By 1997, 84 countries had signed the agreement, and 46 had ratified it. Of the major emitters, only the European Union and Japan joined, while China, Australia, and the United States decided not to.

Detailed explanation-5: -The United States signed Kyoto having tremendously influenced major elements of the final agreement, such as the flexibility mechanisms. Yet it declined to ratify and, following President Bush’s repudiation of Kyoto in 2001, did not become a party.