GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Geographic isolation is known to contribute to divergent evolution, resulting in unique phenotypes. Oftentimes morphologically distinct populations are found to be interfertile while reproductive isolation is found to exist within nominal morphological species revealing the existence of cryptic species.

Detailed explanation-2: -Isolation has always an impact on the genetic structure of the isolated population, such as reduction of genetic diversity through genetic drift and increase in consanguinity due to limited mate choice (2).

Detailed explanation-3: -Usually, isolation can increase the chance of random genetic drift, raise inbreeding rates, reduce interpopulation gene flow, and increase the probability of local extinction [11].

Detailed explanation-4: -Speciation can be driven by evolution, which is a process that results in the accumulation of many small genetic changes called mutations in a population over a long period of time. There are a number of different mechanisms that may drive speciation.