GEOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In substances such as iron, cobalt, and nickel, most of the electrons spin in the same direction. This makes the atoms in these substances strongly magnetic-but they are not yet magnets. To become magnetized, another strongly magnetic substance must enter the magnetic field of an existing magnet.

Detailed explanation-2: -If the majority of electrons in the atom spins in the same direction, a strong magnetic field is produced. The direction of the electrons spin determines the direction of magnetic field.

Detailed explanation-3: -5.3 Singlet states. Now, electrons are usually paired in their molecular orbitals and, according to the Pauli exclusion principle, their spins must be anti-parallel, that is, in opposite directions. This is known as a singlet state (S).

Detailed explanation-4: -The electron is a charged particle with charge −e, where e is the unit of elementary charge. Its angular momentum comes from two types of rotation: spin and orbital motion. From classical electrodynamics, a rotating distribution of electric charge produces a magnetic dipole, so that it behaves like a tiny bar magnet.

Detailed explanation-5: -For a bulk object to be a magnet, a bunch of the electrons have to point their spins in the same direction. Electrons like to point their spins in the same direction, because this guarantees that they will never run into each other, and this saves them a lot of electric repulsion energy.