HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -Alley cropping is defined as the planting of rows of trees and/or shrubs to create alleys within which agricultural or horticultural crops are produced.

Detailed explanation-2: -Alley cropping is defined as the planting of rows of trees and/or shrubs to create. alleys within which agricultural or horticultural crops are produced. The trees may include valuable hardwood veneer or lumber species, nut or other specialty crop trees/shrubs, or desirable softwood species for wood fiber production.

Detailed explanation-3: -Hedgerow intercropping, also known as alley cropping, consists of growing one/two rows of perennials trees or shrubs (preferably leguminous) at a close spacing in the form of hedges.

Detailed explanation-4: -Hardwood timber or nut trees: Hardwoods such as black walnut or pecan may be combined with annual crops such as corn or soybeans. Forage crops can be cultivated between tree rows for harvest or livestock grazing, or shrubs palatable to livestock can be grown for fodder, e.g. tagasaste.

Detailed explanation-5: -In an alley cropping system, trees are multi-functional: the aim is to provide a range of ecosystem services alongside wood and fruits. These include shelter for crops, host beneficial organisms, increase soil ferti-lity and carbon storage, mitigate climate change, and provide protection against soil erosion.