HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -Nanoparticle synthesis can be performed by various methods such as physical, chemical, and biological approaches. Generally, the physical and chemical methods are considered the best to get uniform-sized nanoparticles with long-term stability.

Detailed explanation-2: -Microemulsion is a popular method to synthesize nanoparticles, where microemulsions are an isotropic and thermodynamically stable mixture of “oil, ‘’ water, and surfactant, or in combination with a cosurfactant. The basic types of microemulsions are direct (oil dispersed in water) and reverse (water dispersed in oil).

Detailed explanation-3: -The nanomaterials can be synthesized using two prominent approaches. They are top-down and bottom-up approaches. In top-down approaches, the bulk materials are mechanically machined and converted into fine particles in nano dimensions.

Detailed explanation-4: -The different methods which are being used to synthesize nanomaterials are chemical vapor deposition method, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal synthesis, solvothermal method, pulsed laser ablation, templating method, combustion method, microwave synthesis, gas phase method, and conventional Sol-Gel method.

Detailed explanation-5: -Nanomaterials can be categorized into four types [9, 10] such as: (1) inorganic-based nanomaterials; (2) carbon-based nanomaterials; (3) organic-based nanomaterials; and (4) composite-based nanomaterials. Generally, inorganic-based nanomaterials include different metal and metal oxide nanomaterials.