HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -Karez irrigation is practised in 22 countries from China to Chile including Pakistan. In Pakistan it is confined to the province of Balochistan which has a tribal society. irrigation caused by changes in the socio-economic conditions are also analysed.

Detailed explanation-2: -käˈrez. plural karez. : an underground irrigation tunnel bored horizontally into rock slopes in Baluchistan. : a system of irrigation by underground tunnels.

Detailed explanation-3: -The Qanat/Karez system consists of gradually sloping, horizontal and subterranean water tunnels carved into water-bearing permeable rock. The tunnels at Bidar are accessed by vertical wells, dug at regular intervals along the length of the horizontal tunnel, providing access to the water.

Detailed explanation-4: -Tube-well irrigation is widely used in Pakistan, especially in areas where there is a shortage of surface water. The tube wells are used to pump water to the surface for irrigation, and this method has been instrumental in increasing crop yields in the country.