HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -Types of leaf feeding by chewing insects include pit feeding on leaves by leaf beetles, flea beetles, and young caterpillars. Irregular notches along the edges of leaves are typically caused by various weevils, larger caterpillars, grasshoppers and katydids.

Detailed explanation-2: -Diverse abiotic stresses such as drought, water submergence, salt, heavy metal contamination, and temperature (high or low) negatively affect crop plants across the globe, culminating in plant damage and incurring moderate to high losses of yield, quality, and overall productivity.

Detailed explanation-3: -Some of the common examples of these pests are-aphids, mites, bollworms, caterpillars, bugs, grasshoppers, etc. Biting or Chewing Insect pests-These insects have special parts in their mouth that help them to bite or chew plant parts.