HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -Gymnosperms disperse pollen on wind currents. Pollen grains are male gametophytes. They transport the sperm cells (inside the pollen grain) by wind or insects: no liquid water needed. Cones: male and female reproductive structures.

Detailed explanation-2: -Most gymnosperms are wind-pollinated, but some are insect-pollinated, and in Ephedra (Gnetales), both wind pollination and insect pollination occur. Little is, however, known about mechanisms and evolution of pollination syndromes in gymnosperms.

Detailed explanation-3: -In gymnosperms, the dispersal stage is the seed, which develops from the ovule and contains maternal sporophyte tissue (the seedcoat), new sporophyte tissue (the embryo), and female gametophyte tissue which serves as a stored food supply.