HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -If the plant lacks water, stomata will close because there will not be enough water to create pressure in the guard cells for stomatal opening; this response helps the plant conserve water.

Detailed explanation-2: -When water is plentiful, swelling of the guard cells induced by solute and water intake results in opening of the pore. Closure of the stomata is regulated by a plant hormone, abscisic acid (ABA), which triggers solute efflux from the guard cells and causes cell shrinkage.

Detailed explanation-3: -Stomata open in response to light, including blue and red light (Shimazaki et al., 2007). Red light induces stomatal opening via photosynthesis in the mesophyll and guard cell chloroplasts (Mott et al., 2008; Suetsugu et al., 2014).

Detailed explanation-4: -Stomata are pores on the leaf surface, which are formed by a pair of curved, tubular guard cells; an increase in turgor pressure deforms the guard cells, resulting in the opening of the stomata.

Detailed explanation-5: -They aid in the flow of gases between the atmosphere and plants. Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomatal holes, which are controlled by the process called osmosis. The entry of water into the stomata makes guard cells swell which leads to the opening of the stomata.