HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -Non-flowering plants mainly reproduce through spores and vegetative propagation. Spores are microscopic spots of living material found on the undersides of the leaves. Some non-flowering plants also reproduce through seeds, for example gymnosperms.

Detailed explanation-2: -Nonflowering plants like ferns reproduce by “seed-like” structures called spores. Spores are usually found on the undersides of leaves and look like tiny tufts of velvet. Spores are ripe when they easily fall off the leaf.

Detailed explanation-3: -They reproduce by gamete formation. For eg., mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Spores are produced in a specialized shape known as sporangia. Bryophytes and pteridophytes are in the main homosporous, i.e. they produce comparable spores.

Detailed explanation-4: -Nonflowering plants are divided into two main groups-those that reproduce with dustlike particles called spores and those that use seeds to reproduce. Spore-bearing plants are simple, or primitive, plants, for example mosses and ferns. These plants release thousands of tiny spores, which are spread by wind or water.

Detailed explanation-5: -Non-flowering plants include mosses, liverworts, hornworts, lycophytes and ferns and reproduce by spores.