HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -Genetic engineering (also called genetic modification) is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism.

Detailed explanation-2: -Gene Transfer: The introduction of new DNA into an existing organism’s cell, usually by vectors such as plasmids and modified viruses.

Detailed explanation-3: -Genetic engineering, also called transformation, works by physically removing a gene from one organism and inserting it into another, giving it the ability to express the trait encoded by that gene. It is like taking a single recipe out of a cookbook and placing it into another cookbook.

Detailed explanation-4: -Genetic engineering refers to the direct manipulation of DNA to alter an organism’s characteristics (phenotype) in a particular way.

Detailed explanation-5: -By manipulating DNA, the randomly coiled state of a single DNA molecule can be controlled toward stretched and supercoiled states. Unlike in the randomly coiled state, the position of a protein bound to single DNA molecules under the stretched state can be determined from the length information of the DNA molecules.