HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -In a series of experiments between 1972 and 1974 Stanley Cohen, Herbert Boyer, and their colleagues, at Stanford University and the University of California, San Francisco, developed techniques that formed the basis of recombinant DNA technology and helped spur the birth of the biotechnology industry.

Detailed explanation-2: -After preliminary experiments in 1973, the Cohen-Boyer team was able to cut open a plasmid loop from one species of bacteria, insert a gene from different bacterial species and close the plasmid. This created a recombinant DNA molecule–a plasmid containing recombined DNA from two different sources.

Detailed explanation-3: -Recombinant-DNA (rDNA) technology-the way in which genetic material from one organism is artificially introduced into the genome of another organism and then replicated and expressed by that other organism-was invented largely through the work of Herbert W. Boyer, Stanley N.

Detailed explanation-4: -Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen combined their efforts in biotechnology to invent a method of cloning genetically engineered molecules in foreign cells. Through this discovery and its applications, Boyer and Cohen initiated what is now the multibillion-dollar biotechnology industry.