HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -The linking of antibiotic resistance gene with the plasmid vector became possible with the enzyme DNA ligase, which acts on cut DNA molecules and joins their ends. This makes a new combination of circular autonomously replicating DNA created in vitro and is known as recombinant DNA.

Detailed explanation-2: -Plasmids can transfer between different bacteria This means that a bacterium can become resistant to multiple antibiotics at once by picking up a single plasmid. They then become multidrug-resistant. Furthermore, genes that influence bacterial virulence are also frequently found on plasmids.

Detailed explanation-3: -One of the main vehicles for gene transfer among bacteria are small circular pieces of DNA, or plasmids. Plasmids can be transferred through direct physical contact between bacteria in a process known as conjugation, which helps bacteria share their antibiotic resistance genes with their neighbors.

Detailed explanation-4: -Splice transfer is the process of plasmid exchange between bacteria through direct or indirect contact. Plasmids can carry ARGs to the recipient cell, thus facilitating the transfer of antibiotic resistance (Figure 1). More than 50% of plasmids are available for transfer by splicing [16].

Detailed explanation-5: -Adding an antibiotic resistance gene to the plasmid solves both problems at once – it allows a scientist to easily detect plasmid-containing bacteria when the cells are grown on selective media, and provides those bacteria with a pressure to keep your plasmid. Viva la (bacterial) resistance!