HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -C4 plants capture carbon dioxide in their mesophyll cells forming oxaloacetate. This oxaloacetate is then converted to malate and is transported into the bundle sheath cells, where oxygen concentration is low to avoid photorespiration. So, C4 plants are more efficient in photosynthesis than C3 plants.

Detailed explanation-2: -C4 plants also produce more biomass and have a higher photosynthetic rate per unit of nitrogen than C3 plants. This means that C4 plants can grow and reproduce even on nitrogen-poor soils, and are particularly able to allocate biomass to roots, thus providing a fitness advantage.

Detailed explanation-3: -Plants that perform C4 photosynthesis can keep their stomata closed more than their C3 equivalents because they are more efficient in incorporation CO2. This minimizes their water loss.

Detailed explanation-4: -C4 plants use a more efficient enzyme than rubisco. This enzyme allows for little to no oxygen fixation and much more carbon fixation (in other words, less photorespiration).

Detailed explanation-5: -C4 plants possess a mechanism that minimizes the oxygenase function of Rubisco and thereby reduces photorespiration and decreases the loss of carbon.