HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -By isolating antigens and producing them in the laboratory, it is possible to make vaccines that cannot transmit the virus or bacterium itself. This method also increases the amount of vaccine that can be manufactured because biotechnology vaccines can be made without using live animals.

Detailed explanation-2: -Vaccines and vaccination: Biotechnology has led to the development of safer vaccines which make use of only antigens rather than the complete pathogen. Edible vaccines are also being developed with the help of biotechnology. Interferons: Biotechnology is used to produce interferons from transgenic E.

Detailed explanation-3: -DNA vaccination is a technique for protecting against diseases through the direct injection of genetically engineered DNA. The gene responsible for the immunogenic protein is cloned with a corresponding expression vector. This DNA will trigger an immune response and the individual is successfully vaccinated.