HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -Recognizing the importance of vaccines as the most cost-effective health intervention for controlling infectious disease burden, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has made concerted efforts in the past three decades, towards strengthening vaccine research and development in India.

Detailed explanation-2: -Biotechnology can help a vaccine production starting from the design and component exploration processes, everything needs to be antigenic and immunogenic components which can ensure effectiveness of the vaccine when it enters the body of the receiver.

Detailed explanation-3: -Vaccines are biological preparations that are produced using the science and tools of the medical biotechnology field. Both organisms-living or dead-and parts of them are used to produce vaccines in medical biotechnology 5, 6.

Detailed explanation-4: -Recombinant Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was the first recombinant vaccine developed by Maurrice Hellmen and his team using cloning techniques. HBsAg was purified from serum of infected HBV carrier serum and then clone and expressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker, s Yeast).

Detailed explanation-5: -Dr Edward Jenner created the world’s first successful vaccine. He found out that people infected with cowpox were immune to smallpox. In May 1796, English physician Edward Jenner expands on this discovery and inoculates 8-year-old James Phipps with matter collected from a cowpox sore on the hand of a milkmaid.