HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -Constitutive (continuous) defenses include many preformed barriers such as cell walls, waxy epidermal cuticles, and bark. These substances not only protect the plant from invasion, they also give the plant strength and rigidity.

Detailed explanation-2: -Defence mechanisms comprise properties of the host that decrease this damage. The mechanisms are passive when they are independent of the pathogen. They are active when they follow changes in the host caused by the pathogen.

Detailed explanation-3: -Chemical defenses : Formed by chemical compounds stored, like phenolics, terpenoids, and alkaloids, and released under attack. Antinutritive defenses include chemical, toxins, defensive proteins, enzymes, and resin deposits that can flow to repel or physically trap small organisms.