HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -1: Modified leaves on a cactus: The spines on cactus plants are modified leaves that act as a mechanical defense against predators.

Detailed explanation-2: -Examples of physical defenses are thorns on roses and spikes on trees like hawthorn. These physical defenses hurt the herbivores and stop them from eating plants’ stems or leaves.

Detailed explanation-3: -In addition to preformed barriers, virtually all living plant cells have the ability to detect invading pathogens and respond with inducible defenses including the production of toxic chemicals, pathogen-degrading enzymes, and deliberate cell suicide.