HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -Palisade cells are more column-like, and lie just under the epidermis, the spongy cells are more loosely packed and lie between the palisade layer and the lower epidermis. The air spaces between the spongy cells allow for gas exchange.

Detailed explanation-2: -Beneath the palisade mesophyll is the spongy mesophyll. The cells are approximately the same size as the palisade mesophyll, but there are large intercellular spaces between them.

Detailed explanation-3: -The spongy mesophyll cells below the palisade layer are less densely packed together, so the region is laced with air channels. This makes the spongy mesophyll highly adapted for gas movement and air exchange around the cells. The circles show the guard cells around the stomata on the lower surface of the leaf.