HORTICULTURE

Detailed explanation-1: -Stomata, functionally specialized small pores on the surfaces of leaves, regulate the flow of gases in and out of plants. The pore is opened by an increase in osmotic pressure in the guard cells, resulting in the uptake of water.

Detailed explanation-2: -A pair of guard cells surrounds each stoma, and these cells control the opening and closing of the stomatal pore between them. Guard cells regulate this opening and closing in response to a wide variety of environmental signals, such as day/night rhythms, CO2 availability, and temperature.

Detailed explanation-3: -Stomatal guard cells surround pores in the epidermis of plant leaves, controlling the aperture of the pore to balance CO2 entry into the leaf for photosynthesis with water loss via transpiration.

Detailed explanation-4: -Carbon dioxide and oxygen cannot pass through the cuticle, but move in and out of leaves through openings called stomata (stoma = “hole"). Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata. When stomata are open to allow gases to cross the leaf surface, the plant loses water vapor to the atmosphere.