INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

Detailed explanation-1: -During the warm phase of ENSO, El Niño years, there are widespread droughts resulting from deficient rainfall in most parts of South and Southeast Asia, Australia, and Africa, while untimely excessive rainfall and flooding are reported along the west coasts of North and South America.

Detailed explanation-2: -The typical impact of El Niño on Southeast Asia is drier-than-average rainfall conditions, including for much of the Maritime Continent during December to February (Figure 5, left). Warmer temperature conditions typically follow drier periods.

Detailed explanation-3: -Global Impacts El Niño and La Niña have weaker impacts during Northern Hemisphere summer than they do in winter. Summer impacts include warm conditions in northeastern Australia and cooler than average conditions across India and Southeast Asia.

Detailed explanation-4: -Reduced rainfall The shift in rainfall away from the western Pacific, associated with El Niño, means that Australian rainfall is usually reduced through winter–spring, particularly across the eastern and northern parts of the continent.