MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a molecule that carries electrons and hydrogen ions. It is produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle and is used as an electron donor in the Link Reaction.

Detailed explanation-2: -Glucose is first split into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (a molecule containing 3 carbons and a phosphate group). This process uses 2 ATP. Next, each glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted into pyruvate (a 3-carbon molecule). this produces two 4 ATP and 2 NADH.

Detailed explanation-3: -The link reaction takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and converts pyruvate into a molecule called acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). This stage does not produce any energy in the form of ATP but does produce reduced NAD and acetyl CoA.

Detailed explanation-4: -During lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH and is reduced to lactic acid. Microbes performing homolactic fermentation produce only lactic acid as the fermentation product; microbes performing heterolactic fermentation produce a mixture of lactic acid, ethanol and/or acetic acid, and CO2.