MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Dephosphorylation involves removal of the phosphate group through a hydration reaction by addition of a molecule of water and release of the original phosphate group, regenerating the hydroxyl.

Detailed explanation-2: -When one phosphate group is removed by breaking a phosphoanhydride bond in a process called hydrolysis, energy is released, and ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Likewise, energy is also released when a phosphate is removed from ADP to form adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

Detailed explanation-3: -Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are two processes that are critical for all types of physiological processes. In phosphorylation, transferring of a phosphate group to a molecule takes place. The opposite reaction takes place in dephosphorylation. A phosphate group is removed from a molecule in dephosphorylation.

Detailed explanation-4: -Phosphate precipitation. Chemical precipitation is used to remove the inorganic forms of phosphate by the addition of a coagulant and a mixing of wastewater and coagulant. The multivalent metal ions most commonly used are calcium, aluminium and iron.

Detailed explanation-5: -Substrate Phosphorylation A phosphate group is removed from an intermediate reactant in the pathway, and the free energy of the reaction is used to add the third phosphate to an available ADP molecule, producing ATP (Figure 2). This very direct method of phosphorylation is called substrate-level phosphorylation.