MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Reduction. In the second stage, ATP and NADPH are used to convert the 3-PGA molecules into molecules of a three-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). This stage gets its name because NADPH donates electrons to, or reduces, a three-carbon intermediate to make G3P.

Detailed explanation-2: -Reduction. It is the second stage of Calvin cycle. The 3-PGA molecules created through carbon fixation are converted into molecules of simple sugar – glucose. This stage obtains energy from ATP and NADPH formed during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Detailed explanation-3: -This step is called “reduction” because NADPH donates electrons to the 3-phosphoglyceric acid molecules to create glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate.

Detailed explanation-4: -Stage 2: Reduction Recall that a reduction is the gain of an electron by an atom or molecule. Six molecules of both ATP and NADPH are used. For ATP, energy is released with the loss of the terminal phosphate atom, converting it to ADP; for NADPH, both energy and a hydrogen atom are lost, converting it into NADP+.

Detailed explanation-5: -(1) Reduction, during which carbohydrate is formed at the expense of the photochemically made ATP and NADPH. (2) Regeneration, during which the carbon dioxide acceptor ribulose-1, 5-biphosphate is formed.