NURSING ANM AND GNM

Detailed explanation-1: -Fluoride inhibits enolase, which is far downstream in the glycolytic pathway. Enzymes upstream of enolase remain active and continue to metabolize glucose until substrates are exhausted.

Detailed explanation-2: -It has long been known that fluoride ions inhibit alcoholic fermentation and glycolysis. Warburg and Christian have shown that this is due to the inhibition of enolase (1).

Detailed explanation-3: -Fluoride acts primarily by inhibiting enolase in the glycolytic pathway. Fluoride strongly inhibits the enzyme in the presence of inorganic phosphate. The inhibitory species is the fluorophosphate ion, which when bound to magnesium forms a complex with enolase and inactivates the enzyme.

Detailed explanation-4: -Enolase is a dimeric enzyme that catalyzes the penultimate step in glycolysis, interconverting 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PGA) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). The most potent enolase inhibitor described in the literature is Phosphoacetohydroxamate (PhAH, Fig.

Detailed explanation-5: -The inhibition of enolase in vitro started at 0.5 ppm fluoride in the presence of phosphate, and at 10 ppm in the absence of phosphate ions. The Lineweaver-Burk (1/V-1/[S]) and the Dixon (1/V-[F-])plots show that, in the presence of phosphate, the inhibition of enolase by fluoride is of the competitive type.