NURSING ANM AND GNM

Detailed explanation-1: -Gluconeogenesis. During short-term fasting periods, the liver produces and releases glucose mainly through glycogenolysis. During prolonged fasting, glycogen is depleted, and hepatocytes synthesize glucose through gluconeogenesis using lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids (Fig. 1).

Detailed explanation-2: -Gluconeogenesis occurs after around 8 hours of fasting when liver glycogen stores start to deplete and an alternative source of glucose is required. It occurs mainly in the liver and to a lesser extent in the cortex of the kidney.

Detailed explanation-3: -Gluconeogenesis occurs in liver and kidneys. The precursors of gluconeogenesis are lactate, glycerol, amino acids, and with propionate making a minor contribution. The gluconeogenesis pathway consumes ATP, which is derived primarily from the oxidation of fatty acids.

Detailed explanation-4: -Liver and kidney are the only two organs capable of making glucose because of the presence of two rate-limiting enzymes for glucose production, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase).

Detailed explanation-5: -The liver helps maintain blood glucose levels in response to the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon. After a meal, glucose enters the liver and levels of blood glucose rise. This excess glucose is dealt with by glycogenesis in which the liver converts glucose into glycogen for storage.