NURSING ANM AND GNM

Detailed explanation-1: -These membrane proteins are responsible for many specialized functions; some act as receptors that allow the cell to respond to external signals, some are responsible for the selective transport of molecules across the membrane, and others participate in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation.

Detailed explanation-2: -Membrane receptors are specialized protein molecules attached to or integrated into the cell membrane. Through interaction with specific ligands (e.g., hormones and neurotransmitters), the receptors facilitate communication between the cell and the extracellular environment.

Detailed explanation-3: -Osmosis is a special type of diffusion, namely the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. Water readily crosses a membrane down its potential gradient from high to low potential (Fig. 19.3 ) [4]. Osmotic pressure is the force required to prevent water movement across the semipermeable membrane.

Detailed explanation-4: -Ion channel proteins allow ions to diffuse across the membrane. A gated channel protein is a transport protein that opens a “gate, ‘’ allowing a molecule to pass through the membrane.

Detailed explanation-5: -Membrane receptors transmit information about extracellular stimuli into the cytoplasm. This is achieved through a combination of changes in conformation and oligomeric state by membrane proteins with a single transmembrane domain (TMD).