NURSING ANM AND GNM

Detailed explanation-1: -NAD+ (the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is classically known as a cofactor for the hydride transfer enzymes of intermediary metabolism [47]. These well-known reactions entail the recycling of NAD+ [or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)] between oxidized and reduced forms.

Detailed explanation-2: -NAD+ is synthesized through two metabolic pathways. It is produced either in a de novo pathway from amino acids or in salvage pathways by recycling preformed components such as nicotinamide back to NAD+.

Detailed explanation-3: -Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential cofactor that mediates various redox reactions through the transfer of electrons between NAD+ (oxidized form of NAD, hereafter referred to as NAD) and NADH (reduced form of NAD, hereafter referred to as NADH).

Detailed explanation-4: -NADH formed from glycolysis (via the malate-aspartate shuttle) or the TCA cycle can react at Complex I, also known as the NADH/coenzyme Q reductase in the mitochondrial electron transport chain [28]. Each NADH consumed by the mitochondria results in the net production of 3 ATP molecules (Figure 1).