NURSING ANM AND GNM

Detailed explanation-1: -The elevation of the head of bed (HOB) to a semirecumbent position (at least 30 degrees) is associated with a decreased incidence of aspiration and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).

Detailed explanation-2: -Feeding usually begins at a concentration of ≤0.5 kcal/mL and a rate of 25 mL/hour. After a few days, concentrations and volumes can be increased to eventually meet caloric and water needs. Usually, the maximum that can be tolerated is 0.8 kcal/mL at 125 mL/hour, providing 2400 kcal/day.

Detailed explanation-3: -For example, a research-based guideline issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends a head-of-bed position elevated to at least 30 degrees to reduce risk for aspiration-related pneumonia (Tablan et al., 2004).