NURSING ANM AND GNM

Detailed explanation-1: -Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute, and it is dependent on the heart rate, contractility, preload, and afterload. Understanding of the applicability and practical relevance of each of these four components is important when interpreting cardiac output values.

Detailed explanation-2: -Venous Return. This is the amount of blood that enters the heart through the veins per minute. Force of Contraction. The stroke volume and the cardiac output increases with the increase in the force of contraction. Heart Rate. The cardiac output increases with the increase in heart rate.