NURSING ANM AND GNM

Detailed explanation-1: -It has been found that calcium ions are involved in the maintenance of cell structure, motility, transport and cell differentiation processes such as sporulation, heterocyst formation and fruiting body development. In addition, a number of calcium-binding proteins have been isolated in several prokaryotic organisms.

Detailed explanation-2: -Calcium ions are involved in many mechanisms: for example, stabilization of cell wall structures, acidic growth, ion exchange properties, control of the activities of wall enzytnes. All these properties originate from the tight binding of calcium ions to the pectins present in the cell walls.

Detailed explanation-3: -Overall, Ca2+ is an essential component of the host environment that both responds to the presence of bacterial pathogens, and regulates specific defense mechanisms. Ca2+ levels in a host may signal to the invading pathogens that they are entering a host and also indicate the status of immune protection in the host.

Detailed explanation-4: -Ca(2+) participates as a crucial factor in this two way communication. In the cytoplasm, a [Ca(2+)] above 0.1 microM, regulates myriad processes, including secretion of cell wall components. In the cell wall Ca(2+), at 10 microM to 10 mM, binds negative charges on pectins and imparts structural rigidity to the wall.