NURSING ANM AND GNM

Detailed explanation-1: -Explanation: Vegetative cells are much more sensitive to heat than the spores because of the higher level of water activity in the vegetative cells.

Detailed explanation-2: -Vegetative microorganisms can generally be killed at temperatures from 50°C to 70°C with moist heat. Bacterial endospores, however, are very resistant to heat and extended exposure to much higher temperature is necessary for their destruction. High temperature may be applied as either moist heat or dry heat.

Detailed explanation-3: -Moist heat, especially steam, kills microbial cells much more effectively than dry heat; requires low temperatures and shorter periods of time. This is because moist heat causes denaturation and coagulation of proteins (such as enzymes).

Detailed explanation-4: -A process called sterilization destroys spores and bacteria. It is done at high temperature and under high pressure. In health care settings, sterilization of instruments is usually done using a machine called an autoclave.

Detailed explanation-5: -To kill the spores of Cl. botulinum a sterilisation process equivalent to 121°C for 3 min is required. The botulinum toxin itself is inactivated (denatured) rapidly at temperatures greater than 80°C .